Poverty Destroys Education in America Essay

Poor people do not have weaker work ethics or lower levels of motivation than wealthier people (Iversen & Farber, 1996; Wilson, 1997). Although poor people are often stereotyped as lazy, 83 percent of children from low-income families have at least one employed parent; close to 60 percent have at least one parent who works full-time and year-round (National Center for Children in Poverty, 2004). In fact, the severe shortage of living-wage jobs means that many poor adults must work two, three, or four jobs. According to the Economic Policy Institute (2002), poor working adults spend more hours working each week than their wealthier counterparts Low-income parents hold the same attitudes about education that wealthy parents do (Compton-Lilly, 2003; Lareau & Horvat, 1999; Leichter, 1978). Low-income parents are less likely to attend school functions or volunteer in their children’s classrooms (National Center for Education Statistics, 2005)—not because they care less about education, but because they have less access to school involvement than their wealthier peers. They are more likely to work multiple jobs, to work evenings, to have jobs without paid leave, and to be unable to afford child care and public transportation. It might be said more accurately that schools that fail to take these considerations into account do not value the involvement of poor families as much as they value the involvement of other families. one particular content area that’s of their interest, and everything that’s in it has to meet certain standards *These conditions are the result of a tremendous growth of social inequality, combined with a governmental assault on social programs in recent decades by politicians of both big-business parties. For society’s youngest members, this finds expression in the growth of poverty and hunger, attacks on education and welfare programs, and an increase in violence and abuse What the government failed to do was enact a basic income guarantee for all citizens. Free-market economist Milton Friedman had recommended a negative income tax in his 1962 book â€Å"Capitalism and Freedom,† and in 1967 a National Commission on Guaranteed Incomes confirmed the idea. In 1969, President Richard Nixon announced a Family Assistance Plan that would pay $1,800 a year to any family of four with no outside earnings. The program passed the House of Representatives with two-thirds of the vote but was rejected by the conservatives who controlled the Senate Today, poverty is becoming a national catastrophe even while the highest income brackets prosper. From 2002 through 2006 the economy was floated by the housing bubble, with many lower income people getting into homes of their own through the proliferation of subprime mortgages.

Jonathan Swift Imagery

Beauty In Vulgarity During his life, Jonathan Swift wrote about a number of different topics and often utilized the concept of imagery. Two of his poems, â€Å"Description of a City Shower† and â€Å"The Lady’s Dressing Room† are just some examples from his extensive body of work. Although they both differ in their subject matter, both are alike in their vivid descriptions and ability to connect with the reader’s senses. Many poets in Swift’s time used their writing skills to paint an aesthetically pleasing picture in the reader’s minds.In â€Å"Description of a City Shower† and â€Å"The Lady’s Dressing Room†, however, Swift uses revolting and graphic imagery that can leave a reader feeling disgusted. In â€Å"Description of a City Shower†, this imagery seems to reveal Swift’s negative view of both the city and the people living there. â€Å"The Lady’s Dressing Room† describes many gross items a young man finds, but it ultimately serves to satirize society’s views of women at the time. Swift’s imagery is extremely important in conveying an overall message and aiding the audience in interpreting what he was trying to say, as well as the reaction he was trying to provoke.In â€Å"Description of a City Shower†, Swift uses imagery by providing the reader with clear details on an approaching storm, and the way it affects both the rich and poor citizens of London. Despite the fact that a rainstorm does not seem that serious, Swift’s use of the word â€Å"dread† (line 2) evokes an ominous tone and indicates a more severe event. He begins the poem by describing the city before it starts to rain: a cat sensing the danger stops the enjoyable activity of playing with her tail; sewers emit a rancid smell; aches start to throb; and a dull man walks into a coffeehouse complaining about the weather and his depression (lines 3-12).The descriptions of p ain, disgusting smells, and the general melancholic mood of the townspeople appeal to the reader’s different senses and produce a gloomy atmosphere. This atmosphere carries into the description of the storm itself: Meanwhile the South, rising with dabbled wings, A sable cloud athwart the welkin flings, That swilled more liquor than it could contain, And, like a drunkard, gives it up again (lines 13-16). In this vulgar metaphor, Swift depicts the clouds as a person who has had too much to drink, subsequently turning the rain to vomit.Despite the fact this would most likely disgust a reader, it does create a clear image in their mind. Although Swift could have described the storm as a beautiful scene, he chose to make it repulsive. Much of the second stanza discusses a wench shaking out her mop, showering a passerby with dust, and staining a needy poet’s coat (lines 19-30). Again, Swift uses a dirty image for the rain falling on London, portraying it as a filthy and disg usting place to live. More importantly, the rain falling on the people of London would make them filthy and disgusting as well.Swift continues to utilize imagery by examining people’s reactions once it starts to rain: women covered in mud run into the store for shelter and bargain, but do not buy anything; a law student calls for a coach; and a seamstress attempts to walk quickly as she can while water streams down her umbrella (lines 33-38). Perhaps one of the most interesting scenes in the poem is the joining together of Tories and Whigs: Here various kinds, by various fortunes led, Commence acquaintance underneath a shed Triumphant Tories and desponding WhigsForget their feuds, and join to save their wigs (lines 39-42). Because the Whigs and Tories had different political views, one might initially see them coming together as a positive aspect. However, it is important to note why they are coming together in the first place. They do not put aside their differences in order to make political advancements or discuss their views; instead, they join together strictly because they are worried about their appearance. Following this scene, there is a description of a man sitting in his sedan chair growing steadily fearful of the rain.The fact that he is sitting in a sedan chair indicates that he is most likely an affluent member of society. Swift alludes to the story of Troy and the wooden horse, equating the man to the â€Å"bully Greek† warriors waiting inside and fearing being discovered (lines 43- 50); this allusion gives the reader a clearer mental picture of what is happening. The comparison is so extreme that it is somewhat comical and ultimately makes the man look weak for fearing something as trivial as rain. In both stories, the characters come off as superficial and further emphasizes Swift’s negative views of the people living in London.The last stanza contains the most vulgar imagery, and it truly shows Swift’s distaste for the city and its inhabitants. The first lines discuss the overflowing gutters, which contain â€Å"trophies†. Their sight and smell indicate where they have come from around the city; eventually, they all end up together at Snow Hill ridge and make their way to Holborn Bridge (lines 53-60). The last three lines are perhaps the most disgusting in the poem: Sweepings from butcher’s stalls, dung, guts, and blood, Drowned puppies, stinking sprats, all drenched in mud,Dead cats, and turnip tops, come tumbling down the flood (lines 63-66). The ending of this poem is just as bleak as its beginning. It is intriguing that those lines make up the only heroic triplet and that they are the longest in the poem; Swift wants to make sure that the reader notices these lines in particular. It is clear that this specific image shows that London is a filthy place to live. However, it is also serves as a commentary on the people that live there. Just as the rainstorm brought these ugly i tems onto the street, it brought out the ugliness in the people of London.Throughout the poem, many different members of society are discussed: a wench, a seamstress, Tories and Whigs, and the wealthy. They all have to deal with the rain in some way or another, making the storm an equalizer for the city dwellers. Swift most likely does not view one social class more negatively than the other, but rather has a dislike for the people of London in general. This point is further emphasized by the â€Å"trophies† joining together in the streets on the way to their final destination—although they might come from different places, they still end up on the same filthy journey.Earlier in the poem, Swift says that the flood threatens this â€Å"devoted† town (line 32). In this case, however, devoted actually means doomed. Flooding can be looked at in a biblical sense, as God flooded the earth because of their sinfulness. The use of the word devoted is also ironic, as the people are not devoted to God at all; they are sinful and superficial, and are doomed to filthy lives unless they change their ways. Another popular Swift poem, â€Å"The Lady’s Dressing Room†, also manages to convey Swift’s opinions on aspects of society through satire. The Lady’s Dressing Room† tells the story of Strephon, a man who ventures into a dressing room previously occupied by a woman named Celia. In doing so, he discovers many unpleasant and disgusting items, entirely changing his view on women. The poem begins by addressing the fact that Celia has spent five hours dressing, and asks if anyone else could do it in less time (lines 1-2). These lines have a somewhat ironic tone—it would seem that five hours is an outrageous amount of time to get ready, but it is a normal occurrence for women to take that long.Much of the poem follows in this ironic and satirical tone, ultimately commenting on the lengths women will go to in order to a chieve perfection based on society’s expectations. Celia is referred to as a â€Å"goddess† dressed in laces and lightweight fabrics (lines 3-4). The word goddess reveals the way men viewed women, and their belief that a beautiful woman was perfect. When Strephon finds the dressing room empty, his curiosity causes him to look inside and immediately discovers that Celia is far from a goddess.A good portion of the poem is dedicated to the speaker conducting a meticulous list of Strephon’s findings. Swift uses extensive imagery, allowing the reader can get a clear sense of everything Strephon sees. Every element of Celia, in terms of appearance, is available for analysis. He picks up a dirty smock that had sweat stained armpits and â€Å"displays it wide† while he looks at it from different angles (lines 11-14). This image emphasizes Strephon’s child-like curiosity and highlights the fact that he knows so little about the â€Å"real† Celia.He a lso finds combs so clumped with dirt it could not brush through sweaty and dandruff-filled hair, and an oil-covered forehead cloth used to smooth wrinkles on her brow (lines 20-26). Perhaps the most disturbing image is Celia pulling a worm out of her nose by squeezing it from head to tail (lines 64-67). All of these descriptions make it immediately obvious that, in direct opposition with Strephon’s belief that Celia is â€Å"sweet and cleanly† (line 18), she is an extremely dirty person and does not have good personal hygiene. Not only does Swift give a great amount of details about hat Strephon sees, but what he smells as well. An extremely disgusting example is when he writes â€Å"But oh! it turned poor Strephon’s bowels/When he beheld and smelled the towels† that were â€Å"begummed, bemattered, and beslimed† with dirt, sweat and earwax (lines 43-46). He also discusses Celia’s stinking toes and ill-smelling petticoats that are thrown abo ut carelessly (lines 48 and 52). Strephon has an intense reaction when he lifts the lid to Celia’s commode and smells its contents. Swift alludes to Pandora’s box, which, when opened, releases all of the human ills into the world.Like the allusion to Troy in â€Å"Description of a City Shower†, this comparison is so extreme that it is somewhat funny; it highlights the overblown reaction that men have when they find out that women are not perfect creatures. Upon this discovery, Strephon runs from the dressing room crying, â€Å"Oh! Celia, Celia, Celia shits! † (line 118). Although Celia is human just like Strephon, he is used to viewing her as a goddess, and is shocked to find out that she is like him in some way. After peering into Celia’s dressing room, Strephon’s beliefs and views on women are forever changed.Any time he sees a woman, his imagination pictures her â€Å"with all her stinks† (line 123). The narrator goes on to say tha t they pity Strephon’s blindness to the charms of women, and that if he would â€Å"stop his nose†, he would appreciate Celia when she looks her best (lines 129-136). Strephon should not turn away from love simply based on the fact that women are not always perfect and â€Å"rose from stinking ooze† (line 132). Swift uses another image that includes both beauty and filth to wrap up the poem: He soon would learn to think like me And bless his ravished sight to seeSuch order from confusion sprung, Such gaudy tulips raised from dung (lines 141-144). It is extremely important that the narrator thinks Strephon should â€Å"bless his ravished sight† and be thankful that he has seen this side of Celia; despite what he believes, it is not a punishment inflicted by Vengeance. When Celia looks attractive, he will find her more beautiful knowing that she might not be incredibly attractive to begin with. He will see the perfections in her imperfections. Although thes e lines describe the narrator’s opinion of Strephon’s discovery, it can also describe Swift’s view of this poem.A satire serves as a criticism about society, and aims to improve its negative aspects. In Swift’s time, blazons, or poems dedicated to discussing a woman’s beauty, were extremely popular. This poem is somewhat of a contra blazon—though it doesn’t specifically address Celia’s looks, it does describe aspects that indicate her unattractiveness underneath the beauty the public sees. Swift is poking fun at the poems that only discuss a woman for how she looks and commenting on the the expectations men had for women to constantly look their best.This causes women like Celia to take outrageous amounts of time and use many different products to cover their flaws. The only way women could be considered attractive is through the means of a lie, and only if that lie can be completely hidden. Perhaps these lines are Swiftâ€℠¢s way of saying that his audience should feel blessed to have read this poem, for they can now see women for who they truly are and not hold them to such high standards. If Swift can achieve this, then that is the beauty that will come out of this vulgar poem.While â€Å"Description of a City Shower† evokes a more serious tone than â€Å"The Lady’s Dressing Room†, they both ultimately convey serious messages. Although their gross imagery may initially shock the reader, it makes them pay closer attention and discover what the author was attempting to say. Swift’s poems might not have painted a conventionally beautiful picture, but they do succeed in commenting on adverse characteristics of society. This aspect of Swift’s poems makes them beautiful in their own way; like the tulip coming up from the dung, there is beauty that emerges from these vulgar images.One simply needs to learn to appreciate it. Works Cited Swift, Jonathan. â€Å"Description of a City Shower†. Trans. Array  The Norton Anthology of Poetry. Margaret Ferguson, Mary Jo Salter and Jon Stallworthy. Shorter Fifth Edition. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2005. 442. Print. Swift, Jonathan. â€Å"The Lady’s Dressing Room†. Trans. Array  The Norton Anthology of Poetry. Margaret Ferguson, Mary Jo Salter and Jon Stallworthy. Shorter Fifth Edition. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2005. 445. Print.

By the River by Steven Herrick Essay

Steven Herrick’s work of â€Å"By the river† displays a bildungsroman novel in which harry goes on a journey through life, facing love and loss. Steven Herrick’s verse novel â€Å"By the River† is very successful in conveying the significant ideas about human nature. He uses key themes such as grief, environmental influence and coming of age to explore these ideas. To convey the themes Herrick uses multiple techniques such as imagery, repetition, personification and positive and negative influence throughout his text. Grief is a key theme throughout Herrick’s novel â€Å"By the River† highlighting the suffering and distress from losing a loved one. Herrick explores this theme through the death of Harry Hodby’s mother and his close friend Linda. The first element of grief depicted in the novel is shown through the quotes â€Å"we sit in the tender shade/leave him to share some time with our mother/his wife. Herrick uses collective nouns in this quote to convey the ownership of the mother that not only does it show her titles but also it shows the roles within their lives. Herrick then uses personification to describe the â€Å"tender shade† and how it has a positive connotation displaying his positive outlook on grief. A second element that is depicted throughout Herrick’s novel is shown in the quote â€Å"and dad/alone in the kitchen/stirring his tea/until it was cold in the cup† Herrick uses imagery in this quote to display the numbness in his life. By using the theme grief we clearly see the ideas about human nature and how they can have a positive and negative outlook on life. Steven Herrick explores the idea that environment can define who you are. Herrick uses imagery to show the impact of setting on Harry. He shows Harry’s confusion in the first poem â€Å"The Colour of My Town. † Harry shows us the effects the environment of the place he has grown up in has had on his identity. And example of this would be â€Å"after listening to all these ugly little voices, I want to run away†. Herrick personifies the voices creating the impression that the voices has an effect over Harry making it hard for him to chose certain decisions that would shape parts of his life. Also the use of depressive connotations like squashed and dead in â€Å"A dead snake, cane toads squash flat, nothing that lives, and nothing that shines†. Herrick uses this theme to create a sense of the environmental effect on Harry Hodby’s identity, and to show the significant ideas about human nature. Coming of age is another major theme throughout Herrick’s novel â€Å"By the River†. In this novel we see Harry go on a journey through childhood to adolescence experiencing various changes and pleasures of life in a country town. In the quote â€Å"I see clearly now/which part of me/is my dads/the part inside/the good part/the part that knows/Johnny Barlow/Linda/the ring/the white cross† Herrick uses a list method and lists multiple things to show how much Harry has taken in over time and realized what has actually happened throughout his journey. This shows his change from child to adolescence. Herrick uses the repetition of the word â€Å"part† to emphasise to his readers that Harry has finally found the part of him, which belongs to his dad. Coming of age is a very important theme in this novel and expresses very significant ideas about human nature. Herrick was very successful in conveying the key elements of human nature by expressing them through the themes, grief, environmental influence and coming of age. The poetic techniques Herrick used to explore these themes are clearly shown throughout his verse novel â€Å"By the River†. As an audience we watch Harry Hodby go from child to adolescence and observe the various changes of life in a country town.

Heroin Addiction Leads to Mugging Research Proposal

Heroin Addiction Leads to Mugging - Research Proposal Example The topic for discussion in this paper is heroin addiction that leads to mugging. The components to be included in this research proposal are the sample that would consist of the people who have taken heroin at some point of their lives, the heroin rehabilitation centre patients and their relatives who would be surveyed for their experiences. The data collection method would consist of distributing questionnaires to understand the mindset of these people. The research design would consist of identifying the research problem, a review of the literature available associated with question stated earlier, stating the hypotheses which would signify the research question explicitly, describing the selected data that would be important for conducting the tests for the hypotheses, explanation of the procedure for obtaining the data, and a description of the research methods of analysis that would be applied on the available data in order to determine the true or the falsity of the research h ypothesis. Hypothesis- Heroin addiction leads to the social destruction of the individual by leading him to commit anti social activities like mugging Introduction Heroin is known globally to be an illegal form of drug that is also highly addictive drug. It is most used form of the opiates. Heroin is manufactured from morphine that is extracted from the seeds of some special varieties of the poppy plant. According to the census of 1998, the National Household Survey on Drug Abuse had estimated that around 2.4 million of the people had consumed heroin in their lives (Heroin Abuse and Addiction, 2000, p.1). One of the severest and long term effects of the drug is that it leads to an addiction which is very difficult to get rid of. The addiction acquires a chronic form that is characterized by the compulsive craving for the drug (Heroin Abuse and Addiction, 2000, p.3). Heroin abusers are found to spend more time, energy and money on obtaining the drug and using it. It harms the social well being of the person too. The addict soon runs out of money and indulges in criminal activities like extortion, mugging and killing people to gather money. The problem statement or the hypothesis in the paper will try to deduce the relation between illicit drug addiction and its antisocial consequence like mugging. This will be done by performing a regression analysis between the two variables. The regression equation can be written as: y = a + bx where y = dependent variable x = independent variable a = constant b = slope of the line The research statement is stated: illicit drug addiction leads to the social destruction of the individual by leading him to commit anti social activities like mugging. The hypothesis will be explained by taking two variable- independent variable i.e. illicit drug addiction (x) and a dependent variable (y) i.e. burglary, robbery and aggravated assaults according to the research topic and establishing the relation between the two variables. Thus, th e null (ho) and the alternative (h1) hypothesis can be stated as- ho : there is no significant co- relation between (illicit drug) addiction and antisocial incidents h1 : there is a significant co- relation between (illicit drug) addiction and antisocial incidents Literature review This section will review the literature available on heroin and robbery (mugging) incidents in places of Europe, Asia and Africa. In the report â€Å"The Effect of a Reduction in Heroin Supply in Australia upon Drug Distribution and Acquisitive

Frontier Airline Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Frontier Airline - Assignment Example Nevertheless, the Airline did not survive the continuous losses it incurred and finally shut towards the end of 1986, and was declared bankrupt (Frontier Airline Annual Report, 2013). In 1994, the Airline was reborn under top management of Chief Executive Officer (CEO) David Siegel and President Barry Biffie. During its first attempt in the market, Frontier Airlines had 60 air planes of which 35 were Boeing 737-200 and the rest were Convair 580. Currently, the Airline operates a fleet of 18 Airbus A320s and 35 Airbus A319s. However, the Airline has a codeshare with Great Lakes Airline that have Embraer EMB -120 Brasilia and Beechcraft 1900 D. Apparently, its first encounter in the market was marked by an inception of 40 destinations that later grew to 69 destinations in two years and before it was shut down it had managed to attain about 170 destinations in the U.S and other parts of the world. After the rebirth, the Airlines has managed to capture over 75 destinations in the U.S., Costa Rica, Mexico, Jamaica and the Dominican Republic (Frontier Airline, 2014). Consequently, Frontier Airlines currently enjoys a service of more than 3,900 professional in aviation who attend to more than 350 daily flights in the Airlines. However, the previous operation period has around 5,100 employees who were mandated to attend to both daily and occasional flights. Since its inception, Frontier Airlines has branded itself as a low cost airline. Nevertheless, early this year the C.E.O David Siegel came up with a strategy ‘ultra-low cost’ where their flight fares were stripped down to an average price of an economic ticket and as a marketing campaign that is meant to retrain the public on how the Airline intends to continuously operate especially after its rebirth. During the unveil, Siegel confirmed that

SS310 unit 6 DB Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

SS310 unit 6 DB - Research Paper Example The civil rights movement also coincided with the women’s movement which had the same aspirations and ambitions that civil rights strove for but focused on the female population and their rights (MacLean, 2006). The successes that were achieved by the civil rights movement helped the Women’s rights as well and enabled them to gain the equality that they had been struggling so hard to gain over the years. A number of the successes that were achieved affected the women as well and thus in this way it can be said that both movements were connected in their fight to achieve their goal of equality(English, 2009). A good example would be the passage of the 1963Equal Pay Act that can be related to the Greensboro sit-ins in 1960. The sit ins were staged in protest of the racial segregation policies that were practiced by Woolworth in the southern states whereby the white employees received better treatment and pay than their African American counterparts (English, 2009). The sit-ins were able to gain a lot of media coverage and can be said to be part of the reason that the equal pay act was eventually passed in 1963 and abolished pay disparities which affected the women as well. Through these two connections one can see that the civil rights movement did serve a part in increasing the momentum of the women’s movement and the rights that they were fighting for as they took into consideration all groups that were discriminated against including the female population(MacLean,

Florida Contract Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Florida Contract - Essay Example The handbook helps in minimizing conflict by ensuring employees are treated fairly. Therefore, the employee handbook acts as a binding contract for them. This is because it is written and not complying with what it stipulates can lead to the employer been sued. An employee has certain rights according to the handbook. Some of the rights include compensation to any employee in case of injuries acquired at the workplace. An employer would be liable to an employee in cases of sexual harassment. The laws ensure that employees are safe from discrimination, either because of sex, race, association or religion (Bush, p 42). Employers cannot discharge a female employee due to pregnancy because this is considered illegal, and the employer can be sued. Employers cannot also fire their employees because of their race, religious affiliation, age, sexual orientation, disability or nationality. It is also considered illegal for an employer to fire an employee for abiding in the set laws of the state. However, in Florida employees are ‘at will’. This means that they may be fired for any reason as long as it is not illegal. In conclusion, an employee cannot sue the employer if fired for any act that is considered illegal according to the defi nition of that term in Florida state laws (Bush, p

Is the Chinese Currency Undervalued Research Paper

Is the Chinese Currency Undervalued - Research Paper Example Essentially, China enjoys preference as an import destination because its products are cheaper on account of the low value of the yuan. The US loses to China in terms of production and employment especially in industries such as textile, apparel and furniture (Carbaugh, 2012, p. 456). Moreover, concerns are also raised on the impact of the yuans low valuation in relation to the US dollar. In the event of trade where a Chinese exporter sells a product to an American trading partner, he receives the payment in dollar, which is then converted to the yuan. This development leads to the appreciation of the Chinese currency because the demand for it increases. It also means that the supply of the US dollar increases, leading to its depreciation, triggering a series of effects that automatically induces the Chinese government to intervene. This paper will address the issue of whether Chinas currency is, indeed, undervalued. China maintains a fixed exchange rate policy relative to the US dollar as opposed to the convention in most of its trading partners, which follow flexible exchange rate policies. The flexible system allows market forces to determine the value of the currency. China intervenes on its currency exchange on a daily basis. There were recent Chinese declarations that indicate willingness for a more flexible exchange rate policy. In 2010, for instance, US President Barack Obama lauded the Chinese government for its "decision to increase the flexibility of its exchange rate" and promptly stated that it "is a constructive step that can help safeguard the recovery and contribute to a more balanced global economy" (Wei & Bull, 2010 ). The indicated shift in Chinese currency policy is tantamount to an admission that a fixed currency is an unfair practice and that it allows the government to control currency in order to ensure its industries better competitiveness in the international market. Th e International Monetary Fund, used to through Article IV

Different representations of constituents of significant plot points Essay

Different representations of constituents of significant plot points in the moral choices as centre stage in the Stagecoach and The Player films - Essay Example These different films present moral choices in very different ways. For example, in the Stagecoach and The Player films, moral choices are at the centre stage in the development of their plots. However, the constituents of their significant plots and the moral choices are represented differently. This paper discusses the way these constituents and the moral choices are represented differently in these two films. The Player (1992) is an American film that belongs to a satirical genre and directed by Altman Robert. The film is based on Michael Tolkin’s screen play based on his 1988 novel by the name The Player. The film recounts a chilling story of Hollywood studio executive who kills a screenwriter after suspecting that he could be the one sending him death threats. The film’s plot is strewn with a series of instances when characters are required to make moral choices. Stagecoach (1939) is adapted by John Ford from Ernest Haycox’s short story ‘the stage to Lordsburg.† The story recounts a journey of strangers riding on a Stagecoach that passes via a precarious apache territory in New Mexico. Among the strangers are a prostitute called Dallas who is being driven from the town by members of the law and order league, an alcoholic doctor alongside a pregnant woman traveling to see her cavalry officer husband and a whiskey salesman. In their dangerous escapade to L ordsburg, the travelers contend with situations where moral choice is inevitable. In the film The Player, Griffin Mill had to make a quick moral choice when his life was threatened. He searched the person who was putting his life at danger to kill him. While they were fighting, he lost the game and decided to kill David Kahane, and he succeeded and got away with it. In the start of the film Stagecoach, Lucy Mallory is boarding a Stagecoach alongside a prostitute Dallas and an alcoholic doctor Doc Boone. She is warned by her friends not to travel along the two evil people. She had to make a moral choice to sacrifice her love for her husband or to avoid being associated with ‘those creatures.’ Lucy was heavily pregnant to take such a risk and was advised by Curley not to take the trip in her status, but she insisted that if her husband is in danger, she wanted to be with him, and it was as she resolved. These two scenes are different in the way each presents moral choice concept (Dudley 51), but they function to kick start significant plots in the two films. In The Player, Griffin Mill, when he was threatened by a rattle snake realized that he was attracted to June, the girlfriend to David Kahane, whom he killed. He had to make a choice to take her and have David’s thoughts haunting him or go against his pleasure pressures and betray his passions. On the other hand, June was aware that Griffin Mill was a chief suspect for having killed her former boyfriend, David Kahane; but she was in love with him and had to make a moral choice to marry a suspect murderer to her boyfriend or stay without a boyfriend and a husband. In a similar plot scene in the film Stagecoach, Dallas was also in a situation to make a moral choice when Ringo proposed to marry her. She was to choose to risk marrying him, or refuse in fear of her checkered past as a prostitute. In the following morning, Ringo had to choice to give up his revenge for plummers and marry Dallas or lose Dallas and avenge by fighting plummers. Both scenes serve to develop a plot in which moral choices are at the centre of the characters, but in a very different way. Moreover, at one point, Bonnie in the film The

Using GIS Profiling to Solve Serial Burglaries Research Paper

Using GIS Profiling to Solve Serial Burglaries - Research Paper Example It then elaborates on GIS tool and its appropriateness in solving serial crime using geographic profiling. More significantly, the paper relates geographic profiling to solving serial burglaries. Serial crimes are illegal acts that warrant punishment based on criminal law. They are crime defined by repetitive nature. Serial crimes include murder, rape, arson, bombing, and robbery. Serial criminals frequently develop behaviors of committing the same type of crime in a similar manner. Sequence of crimes committed by the same lawbreaker constitutes serial crimes that law enforcement agencies files. Studies relate serial criminals to immoral upbringing or environment. Advancements in technology have contributed to increased serial crimes around the globe. Criminals are highly innovative and frequently adopt emerging technology advancements before criminal agencies acquire such technologies. Such innovative criminals have also acquired similar crime tracking devices used by law enforcement agencies. For instance, innovative criminals have encrypted radio communication networks of state agencies.’ Insecurity cases have increased around the globe because of innovativeness of criminals. Criminals have devised advanced systems of committing a crime and escaping from law enforcement agencies. For instance, Serial killers and terrorists use modern communication technologies such as satellite imagery, night vision goggles and smart phones in locating their targets and enemies. Evidence also exists of terrorists who have formed operations centers for monitoring social networks, videos, and global news broadcasts. Serial killers such as the 2008 Mumbai terrorists used modern weapons such as AK-47s, hand grenades, and explosives (Goodman, 2014, p. 1). The terrorists employed use of search engines in planning the attacks and in identifying specific hostages.

The East Asian World Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The East Asian World - Essay Example Yongzheng and Qianlong continued Kangxi’s support for the arts and culture and maintained peace and order. The first signs of internal problems began under Qianlong, however (e.g. corruption and expenses of military campaigns). The main characteristics of the Manchu rule were their ability to adapt to new environments without losing their distinct identity and their concern for equality (to some extent) between the Manchus and the Chinese. The Manchus implemented diarchy, for instance, where important administrative positions were shared among the Manchus and the Chinese. The economy and society changed during the Ming and Qing eras when China opened more to trade and Western influence, particularly during the Ming era. China also witnessed an expansion in population, trade, commerce, and territories. The population increased from 70 to 80 million in 1390 to more than 300 million at the end of the eighteenth century. China also exported tea, porcelain, and silk to England and traded with Russia and other nations. The Chinese, however, limited contact with the Europeans, who increasingly demanded access to other Chinese markets. These changes seem to be leading toward an industrial revolution on the European model to the degree that China was ripe for industrialization because of its access to people and resources, but it lacked dedication to technological developments because of its emphasis on moral principles than scientific knowledge. The society and economy of Japan changed during the Tokugawa era through trading with the West and manufacturing developments. These changes promoted rising standards of living. The Japanese culture reflected these changes by widened social class differences (i.e. social stratification of four classes: warriors, artisans, peasants, and merchants). The developments in Korea during this period reflected conditions in China and Japan to the extent that it modeled its political system after the

Magazine article on E-books Essay Example for Free

Magazine article on E-books Essay Cassettes-sidelined! DVDs –gathering dust! VHS-retired! Technology mutates and evolves leaving redundant platforms in its place. Much of the time technology is beneficial and change is good, however occasionally change is not so auspicious and we do not realise what we have lost until it’s truly gone. The book. The Bible, The odyssey and The Gruffalo (and that’s not even mentioning the poets). All books which have stood the test of time and are still being read as much today as the moment they were published; with these texts societies were bound and broken; lessons were learned and empires fell; all to the humble book. However the brazen veteran; the book; is endanger of being stripped of its crown by the young and brash E-book. In the words of Northrop Frye books are the only piece of technology which has not become socially defunct–Yet! They have stood firm whilst DVDs, tapes and vinyl like empires, rose and fell. However the frog like e-book with its dull boring features and its fabulously annoying Wifi connectivity could be the bane of books. E-books are vastly growing in nature, like a weed; multiplying on every train, beach and plane you see them they are growing in number and his suggested by 2016 there will be nearly 10 billion of these dastardly devices roaming the world. Even the mere existence of E-books has created a whole new type of piracy where people are ripping off hard working authors and publishers by getting counterfeit e-books online for free. This illegal practice was consummated by the emotionless e-book. These characterless devices rob the tangible nature you get from books. The feel of the paper the smell of the ink all contribute to the sensation we get from reading. E-books rob this from us and sadly soon children will not understand this interaction as they will be more familiar with the blistering headache the monotonous e-book provides.

Reflective Assessment on Mathematics and Calculus

Reflective Assessment on Mathematics and Calculus Relearning the calculus, relating it to real-life Mela Aziza Background I have loved doing mathematics since I was in elementary school. However, this feeling changed a little bit when I was at secondary school. My mathematics teacher asked me to memorise many formulas and principles related to advanced topics without knowing when I can use those in my real-life. I thought that an advanced topic was really hard to learn because it was commonly abstract concept. Consequently, a student like me would find difficulties how to make it concrete and connect it to the real world. In addition, my mathematics teacher only encouraged us to study mathematics hard in order to achieve high scores in examinations. She rarely explained about the application of mathematics in our daily life. This situation made me less enjoyed learning mathematics. For example, while I was learning calculus that I assumed as an advanced topic, I did not know when I can use it in my life so that I was not motivated to learn it. At the time, I guessed calculus was useless. Calculus was ju st about patterns, formulas, and calculations without knowing why I needed to learn it. Therefore, this experience has been inspiring me in how I should teach my students in the future. I hoped to explain and show my students about how powerful and useful mathematics can be. Unfortunately, it was really hard to find the connection between mathematics and daily activities, especially for the calculus. My students were questioning when they could use calculus in their life. I became confused and could not give the appropriate answer because I have not known the application of calculus that was relevant to my students life. I taught calculus using the similar method to my previous mathematics teacher, solving any kind of calculus questions from my own textbooks using the formulas or rules. However, I am interested in exploring and developing the usefulness of calculus in daily life because I want to establish answers for my own previous question, when I can use it. Hence, when getting the chance to take the developing subject knowledge course, I was excited to focus on some calculus questions using real-life contexts. Solving calculus problems I started my independent learning by solving the max box problem given by my personal tutor (see Appendix A). This problem about the paper which has side a, then I was instructed to make a box by cutting a square with side x from each of the four corners. I have to find the value of x so that I can make the biggest box. I tried to find the x value for creating the biggest box by doing some algebraic equations and finally, I obtained the pattern for finding the x value. Finding out the answer gave me an opportunity to relate it to the concept of differentiation. It was a new thing for me and when I searched on the internet, found it was popular in teaching and learning mathematics related to the calculus topic. However, I did not know why I found Indonesian mathematics teachers rarely used this practical question while teaching the concept of differentiation. Next, I moved to how to introduce the first principle of differentiation, f'(x), from function f(x). I started by drawing a graph of the function, then formulated gradient of two adjacent points using the gradient of a straight line and limit concept (see Appendix B). Finally, I found that the first derivative equals with the gradients of a point from the function. Then, I tried similar calculations for some different functions, and finally, I established the pattern of the first derivative. While doing this, I was thinking which I should teach first, gradient or differentiation, in order to make students understand where the first derivative comes. Furthermore, a noticeable point for me by solving this problem, I was aware that as a teacher I can teach mathematics through using algorithmic/algebraic/analytic/calculating, visual (image/graph), and inductive (pattern) thinking. For example, when finding the maximum value of the function, I acquired the same answer by using two differe nt methods, graphing and calculating. In addition, I explored how to draw the graph of the first derivatives of different functions by using gradient concept (see Appendix C). I drew both common and uncommon functions. I felt those were interesting and challenging because I could create the graph of the first and the second derivative just by looking at the graph of the original function. However, when I want to find the first derivative function, I have to calculate using an algebraic method. Although I could not get directly what the function of the first derivative f(x) through drawing, I could differentiate when the function reached maximum value, (when f (x) f (x) > 0), and neither maximum nor minimum value (when f (x) = 0), for instance, f(x)= x3-6x2+12x-5 having an inflexion point (see Figure 1). I also tried to find the gradient of uncommon functions such as an absolute function (f(x)=|x|) by plotting the graph manually and checking it using software GSP (The Geometers Sketchpad), then I found that there was a point on the |x|function that cannot be differentiated (non-differentiable point) that was when x = 0, but for other points, those were differentiable (see Figure 2). Furthermore, I explored six common mistakes (Cipra, 2013) that students made in doing calculus related to how they solve some routine problems and understand a concept of finding the area of function by integral concept (see Appendix D). The students mostly just calculated the area using formula without drawing the function so that occasionally they found a negative area. The area will be never negative. The students should know that the area above x-axis will be positive because y-axis values are always positive while the area below x-axis will be negative because of y-axis negative values (Stewart, 2016). Hence, students have to multiply the area of function below x-axis with negative (-) in favour of becoming a positive area. Reflection During this course, I relearned calculus concept by solving some problems. I felt back a sense of doing mathematics when solving the problems both routine and real-life problems. This sense made me excited to find the solutions for every problem that I faced. I became aware that abstract concepts cannot be separated from calculus. Although routine problems are commonly abstract, students will be able to learn the importance of symbol concepts in calculus through solving these problems. I also tried to connect calculus by solving some real-life problems which use real-life contexts and can be imagined as daily experiences (Gravemeijer Doorman, 1999), for instance, the max box problem that can be connected to a manufacturer. After doing some real-life problems, I agree that these problems should be taught in the classroom (Gainsburg, 2008). Teachers are able to use these problems to enhance students motivation and to develop reasoning as well as problem-solving skills of students in l earning mathematics (Karakoà § AlacacÄ ±, 2015). Therefore, the teachers will be able to make mathematics become more meaningful for their students through real-life problems. On the other hand, I think not all real-life problems are practicable for students because the problems do not relate to their life directly. I have done some problems from some websites and a textbook of calculus (SMP, 1973), but not all problems were relevant to a real context and could be solved. I encountered there was a problem when some facts are abandoned in order to make students understand the question easily. A problem which is relevant to one students life may not be relevant for others. Therefore, teachers should check the effectiveness of the problems by asking students first (Burkhardt, 1981), and then they will notice the good problems that can be used in the future. In addition, calculus is advanced knowledge for most students because they find it difficult to concretise so that occasionally it should remain abstract (Wilensky, 1991). Furthermore, teachers need to consider the time when they give the students real-life problems. They cannot give them these problems fo r every meeting because they also should provide opportunities to students for learning all calculus concepts, both concrete and abstract. Thus, most teachers assumed the nature of mathematics topic and the time may become limitations for connecting it to the real-world (Karakoà § AlacacÄ ±, 2015). Teachers can motivate students to think inductively in learning mathematics. They may involve students to find the first derivative pattern by using the gradient of a straight line and limit concept. They should not give a pattern f'(xn) =nxn-1 directly to students when introducing differentiation, but they ask students to establish the first derivative pattern by their own self. In addition, I found that teachers are able to use a slope of zero (f'(x)=0) for figuring out what is the maximum or minimum value of the function quickly. However, teachers also have to ask students to check the graph or the second derivative of the function to find the exact category of the x value (maximum, minimum, or inflexion point). Hence, as a mathematics teacher, I should deem some factors before deciding an effective teaching method that encourages my students to understand calculus concepts easily. I assumed that using technology can make sense of calculus for students. I considered using GSP while teaching to draw a graph of the function and to look closer whether the function can be differentiated for every point. Furthermore, I think that mathematics teachers may be able to explore any kind of calculus questions on websites such ashttps://www.math.ucdavis.edu andhttp://www.dqime.uni-dortmund.de which I assert as resources for finding real-life mathematics problems using the English language. However, teachers who come from non-native-English-speaking countries should be careful in understanding the meaning of the problems because there was a specific English term of mathematics that sounds unfamiliar or synonymous. For instance, I was confused to distinguish between two words that felt to be synonyms like capacity and volume. I firstly thought that those two words had similar meaning, however, capacity related to how much liquid held while volume related to how many material s needed (solid) in the container. Teachers also may adapt examples of the calculus projects and the application of calculus videos that are provided on the internet. Personally, I obtained the new perspective by watching some videos showing activities that teachers did like creating a group project related to the application of calculus. However, teachers should consider about the time because doing a project or watching a video will be time-consuming. Teachers require looking at why students made the mistakes and analysed what they should do to prevent similar mistakes among students. Students solve calculus problems using algorithms involving symbol concepts but they commonly forget to crosscheck the use of the symbol in their works. As a result, they made mistakes in using symbols which are shown in Appendix D. Furthermore, visual thinking is an important skill to abandon mistakes in finding solutions for calculus problems especially to find the area of the function. It happened because they did not draw the graph of the function. Meanwhile, students only will be able to identify the position of the graph either above or below the x-axis when they look the graph directly. Hence, teachers should be more aware that algebraic, symbol, and drawing the graph or visualisation are crucial concepts in learning calculus. Implementation in Indonesia One of the reasons why I wanted to explore the usefulness of mathematics and how to teach it in the classroom is the aim of teaching mathematics in Indonesia. Indonesia has adopted RME (Realistic Mathematics Education) from the Netherlands, and then known as PMRI (Pendidikan Matematika Realistik Indonesia) which correlates to teaching mathematics in real contexts and emphasises the application of mathematics (Sembiring, 2008). However, RME does not mean teachers have to involve the students in real activities but create a meaningful learning activity so that students can imagine it like they do reality (Van den Drijvers, 2014). Even though some previous researchers found that the implementation of PMRI in Indonesia had positive effects on students mathematics achievement (Armanto, 2002; Fauzan, 2002), Indonesia has not made relevant PMRI curriculum materials (Sembiring, 2008). Therefore, Indonesia still needs to develop some resources related to the implementation of PMRI. In addition, Indonesian mathematics teachers ability itself will be a difficulty in implementing teaching mathematics in real contexts. Although one of their concerns is connecting mathematics to the real world in order to encourage students to deal with their daily life problems (Zamroni, 2000), some of them are only able to teach instrumental understanding (Skemp, 1976) in the classroom so that students learn calculus as formulas without realising how they use it. Students just follow teachers instruction; memorising formulas, understanding the examples, and then solving the exercises. Undeniably, students own negative perspectives on mathematics, including the calculus, are due to this fact. Thus, teachers should find ways to improve these students perspectives in order to enhance their understanding and achievement in mathematics. Mathematics teachers can develop realistically applied mathematics in the classroom through the collection of realistic problems (Burkhardt, 1981) that provide an opportunity for students to apply their mathematical skills. Personally, there are some real-life problems that Indonesian teachers can use such as Max box. I am curious what will happen when I and other teachers use this problem before introducing calculus to the students, maybe, we will recognise kinds of methods from the students that we have never imagined before. Furthermore, Indonesian mathematics teachers should explore resources on the internet and use software like GSP in order to stimulate students sense of learning calculus. However, they may encounter further difficulty in using GSP or e-based learning method because not all of them can operate it and not every school has technological equipment as well as internet connection. Another point that Indonesian mathematics teachers should deem is students common mist akes in learning calculus. Teachers should be aware that students have to check their own work to find the mistakes because if they check by themselves, they likely will not repeat the same mistake. Teachers also have to check their students mistakes to analyse the reasons, then reviewing and correcting the misconceptions that student have from the mistakes. Conclusion Despite the fact that it is common that students feel calculus is difficult to be understood, solved and applied, I think there will be some solutions that teachers can do such as giving both realistic and unrealistic problems, using software, and watching application of calculus on videos. Besides these ways being likely to motivate and encourage students to learn calculus, these ways also can stimulate students using it in their real-life. However, teachers have to consider the practical problems for students and keep giving some routine problems to look closer what some misconceptions or mistakes that they made in doing calculus.

Development Of Port Services In Sri Lanka Tourism Essay

Development Of Port Services In Sri Lanka Tourism Essay 1. In the world today, all countries are inter connected in more than many ways. of all these connections, transport service are considered to be the most important and unavoidable connection. this transport service may be either human or cargo transport. Today to day there are many ways and methods of transport. Although most of these modern systems are quick and easy .the most ancient sea transport system is still the reliable and the profitable way of transport. Sri Lanka is rich with strategically located natural ports that are === by many other nations. These ports have the potential to be the best ports in the Indian ocean. they should be developed to an international expected standard with modern facilities and features. before embarking on the development of these ports , an in depth study of a few internationally famous ports should be made. If handle methodically and properly, Sri Lanka ports could be the best in South Asia and also be the province economic recourse of the country. This paper is an attempt to analyze and consider the measures that have to be adopted by the authorities in order to develop national ports to maintain highly efficient and productive ports as transshipment centers with adequate capacity equipped with most modern technology and facilities. At present several measures have been taken towards this goal, there is more that could be done to obtain making use of the existing resources. AIM 3. The aim of this service paper is to propose and suggest ways and means of developing Sir Lanka as the leading maritime and aviation center in the South Asian Region. that can complete with the most competitive and user friendly ports in providing high quality port, shipping and aviation service. BACKGROUND 4. For thousands of years, the highly strategic location of the ports of Sri Lanka has lured many a merchant. This is a location that connects Middle East with the Far East, with links to the Australian and African continents and it is the gateway to South Asia. From the past up to date many ships that use the international sea communication route are using Sri Lankan port services due to various reasons such as easy access, quality of the service, cheap labor etc. Therefore Sri Lanka should take maximum advantage of seaports to promote international trade by getting commercial and industrial activities which directly assist the economic progress of the country. The other countries of the region are developping their ports to gain economic benefits out of this sea transportation system. To face this competitive market we need to gear our sources to get the necessary attraction of the world. 5. On the other hand, today Sri Lanka with its far-reaching economic changes and policies has improved infrastructural facilities, tax incentive, opportunities for investment of capital for new industries, and above all the guarantee of the safety of capital invested and presents a favorable environment for foreign investment capital. This transformation of the economy has resulted in the increased industrial and trading activities in Sri Lanka. So this present trade development has influenced the need of development in the port and shipping sector in the country. 6. Sri Lanka Port Authority has the responsibility with the mission to increase our customer base profitability by providing excellent an service and world class facilities. PORTS AND ON GOING PORT DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS 7. As an island Sri Lanka is privilege to have natural harbors all around the country. But the country was not able to use a few numbers of ports due to various reasons such as war, lack of infrastructure facilities, investment capacity etc. At present with the high economic growth and the end of the armed conflict in may 2009 provides a firm base for all development activities. Port services which were growing significantly in the year 2010.The present ports and development projects are as follows: a. Port of Colombo. It is the main port in Sri Lanka. Located on the southeast side of the island and it is facilities include two terminals, Jaya Container Terminal (JCT) and Queen Elizabeth Quay (QEQ).From 1987 to 1997 due to the commitment , it has done so many development to control the container traffic. For example in mid 1990s it increased from less than 500,000 Twenty foot Equivalent Units (TUEs) over 1.5 million Twenty foot Equivalent Units. But it was not sufficient in 2003 and 2004 around 40% of west to east traffic was being diverted from Colombo port to more competitive ports out side Sri Lanka. Then Sri Lankan governments desire to create public-private partnership in 1999 to improve expands, operate and manage Queen Elizabeth Quay (QEQ) with South Asia Gateway Terminals (private) limited. To day under mentioned projects are going on: (1) Colombo South Harbour development Project. In ocean of about 1000 hectares on the South West of the percent breakwater this proposed harbour will be located. It will have four terminals , 1200 meters each capable of accommodating deeper draft vessels in the future. The development is expected to be done in two stages. The first stage to intfastructure with pulic funds and the second stage for terminal facilities with private sector participation. This project will promote the following Sri Lanka: Facilitate economic growth. Increase competitiveness in international trade. Lower transport cost and faster delivering times. Container handling capacity wills increase. (2). Jaya Container Terminal for the Enhancement of Capacity. Detail design of the extension of the Jaya Container Terminal has been completed. this will enhance the capacity of port of Colombo to accommodate the mega container carriers now and in the future. This also expected to berth two 8000 Twenty foot Equivalent Units container ships at the same time. (3). New Terminal Management System. This system will be implemented with the Sri Lanka port Authority (SLPA). It will replace the present obsolete computer system of the Jaya Container Terminal with modern computer system providing Networking, Radio data and Communication System. b. Galle port. The gall port is located very close to the international sea transport route. It is the very the only Sri Lankan port that provides for pleasure Yachts. All those facilities were destroyed by the Tsunami. It is proposed to develop this port to attract rich tourists and passenger carrier ships. c. Trincomalee Harbour Renovation. Ten times as much as the Colombo, the Trincomalee harbour is considered to be one of the most strategically situated natural harbour in the world. This harbour was tentatively considered to cater for bulk and break bulk cargo transportation. Coming under the new development project the Nagenahira Nawodaya great improvement and vast development is expected to take effect in this famous port. Development of the Hambanthota Port. Hambantota region is considered to be an under develop area both economically and socially. The construction of a sea port in that region will greatly enhance the improvement and the development of that area. the presence of a port in that area will certainly make it an industrial region. Unlike development an also functioning port, this newly constructed port can be streamlined to serve it expected goal. It has to be properly planned and executed. It is to be a commercial harbour will definitely of a more convenient and cost effective access to and from the Southeast region for goods and cargo from the West coast. It will also reduce the congestion in the Colombo harbour. Development of Port in Oluvil. In the process of developing the Eastern Region under the Nagenahira Nawodaya programme it has been decided to build a port at Oluvil. If so constructed it will be the Southern link in the developing chain of coastal harbours. This harbour will be another commercial harbour and basin for fishing crafts. Port of kankasanthurai and point pedro. This is one of the most Tsunami devastated ports in Sri Lanka. It needed urgent rehabilitation and improvement. This improvement includes the repair of the breakwaters, roads and pears. Wrecked and dredging have to be removed from the harbour basin. The Sri Lanka port Authority has carried out urgent and temporary repair to enable it to function without our interruption. The government of India has aided for the removal wracks and for the construction of a new pear. Very vital sections of the harbour are beyond use. The Sri Lanka port Authority while renovating the harbour, have decided to study the feasibility of developing Point Pedro in to a Sri Lanka port Authority regional port. COOPERATIVE VALUES OF SRI LANKA PORT DEVELOPMENT AUTORITY The SLPA is one of the major contributors to the economy of Sri lanka. As a key revenue earning and service providing agency, the role of SLPA is directly to the excellence of its delivery service. In this regard the value system of the authority is the basis for the success of its operational relationship with the stakeholders. These values could be categorized under the following. Dependability Timeliness Accuracy Accountability for Achievement Team Spirit Commitment Reward Recognition Performance with integrity It will be the responsibility of the chairman / chief Executive Officer, The managing Director and Other Senior management staff to inculcate the above values at all levels of the Authority. Hambantota is planned to undertake initially general cargo such as cement, steel, fertilizer, timber, bunkering services, port related industries, coal, RO-RO facilities, off shore services such as ship Chandling, supply of water fuel, crew changes, ship building and ship repair facilities etc. Contract for the construction of phase 1 was awarded to Chinese Joint venture Construction Company at the total cost of US$ 360m and the port will be operational in year 2010 SERVICES RENDERED BY OUR PORTS TODAY 8. Sri Lanka has a number of commercial ports and a National Shipping Fleet to provide services for the Maritime Transport Industry. The governments also encourage and develop multi country consolidation and entrpot trade on a large scale. a. Container Operations. Development of JCT and QEQ facilities enhance the productivity in container handling and off dock facilities such as inland container depots to ease the congestion within the ports. b. Ancillary Services. Ancillary services including ship building, ship repair, ship chandelling, salvage and towage, bunkering services, ship chandelling and off shore supplies, cruise shipping marinas and ship management are available. c. Tariff Concessions. Tariff concessions including lowest Transshipment rates in the region, restoring Transshipment rates irrespective of the mode, attractive rebates of up to 20% of the stevedorage, free storage (of 21 days) for transshipment etc. d. multi country consolidations and enterpot cargo. A separate warehouse has been provided specially for this purpose at the port access road. Special tariff concessions have been given to this multi country consolidation operation that use warehouse within the port. e. Information systems. Computerized systems for planning and control of container handling operations, data interchange between the shipping agents, inquiries available from the personal computers and port users and one stop documentation centre. f. transportation systems. Coordinated port facilities with inland transport and distribution systems in terms of control the ship traffic. g. infrastructure facilities. Connecting road, rail, and barge facilities. I. Other services. Handling of dry and liquid cargo, bulk and break bulk cargo, car carriages and passenger liners. J. port security. Sri Lanka ports authority complies with the relevant requirements of the international ship and port facility security code, contributing to the enhancement of maritime safety and security. MANAGEMENT OF PORT DEVELOPMENT . 9. To gain the status of regional mega hub port in the south Asian region sri lanka will have to compete with Singapore, Port Kelang, dubai and Aden.in this attempt we will be forced to use all possible resources. Therefore following are the salient points which required when developing port service in Sri Lanka: When developing ports according to the national plan. A comprehensive study should be need of each individual port. These should be combination of medium term and long term planning. While the existing ports are improved by the introduction of modern facilities. The recourses should be constructed according to the international standards. Complete and viable is that which includes all necessary facilities such as transshipping, cargo shipping, fire fighting and rescue service and the like. Planning of new ports should leave space in their for any future improvements. Any future development of existing ports should have the possibility of absorbing any new introduction. The organizational structure of any new port should be flexible enough to adapt to business environment changes. The planning section of management service department should be responsible for the following task: Traffic trend and performance statistics. Forecasting of future traffic shipping and cargo. The evaluation of new trends in ships and cargo handling. The analysis of requirements, water , load equipments and storage. The preparations plan for the future. Preparation of future traffic demands. Forecasting of traffic is an art which need a lot of understanding and experience. This may require the assistance of out side agents, but yet these reports should be checked mathematically and tactically before implementation. In arriving at this dicisions they should have considered the following targets: National economic targets. Have past trends clearly explained and the need for continuation of these trends be questioned. Have the port records being studied well. Will the change of each industry have any effect of the future traffic? The building of new ports. SUMMARY 16. In the two years following the end of a brutal war, Sri Lankas economic growth is projected to exceed six percent, according to the World Banks first annual assessment of regional economies.  The interim period requires improvements to existing facilities to bridge the gap between growing demand and shortfalls in facilities, so as to ensure that customers are not lost to competing rival ports.   Such losses would have disasters impact on the future of the Ports in Sri Lanka. So it is very vital to initiate actions for renew and expand existing ports in the aspect of Developing Sri Lankan ports as the leading Maritime and Aviation center in the South Asian Region with the most competitive and user friendly ports and airports to provide high quality ports, shipping and aviation services. But it should within the broad national strategy; the development of each individual port must be comprehensively planned. The development of a port consists of a combination of medium-term and long-term planning of new facilities plus-in the case of existing ports-a programme of short-term action to improve the management With New technologies, which can spur changes and will improve the operations. For example, the development of a container terminal can be accompanied by the introduction of modern data-processing methods to improve the quality of the information necessary for managers to control the flow of containers. RECCOMANDATIONS Developing Sri Lankan ports as the leading Maritime centers in the South Asian Region with the most competitive and user friendly ports, following policy decisions has to follow when projecting new ports or expansion of existing ports To consolidate the position of the Colombo Port as an International hub port for container operations and as a logistics center in the South Asian region. To develop a competitive marketing strategy in order to establish the port of Colombo as an International hub-port. c. To develop the port of Galle as a regional port as well as an alternate commercial cargo handling port to the port of Colombo and to develop this port to attract rich tourists and passenger carrier ships. To develop Trincomalee port as an ecologically sensitive, leisure and light commercial port. To develop the port in Kankasanturai, Oluvil and point-pedro as regional commercial ports. To build and establish the Hambantota port initially as a service providing industrial port, and in the long term develop it to be a commercial port for more convenient and cost effective access to and from the Southeast region for goods and cargo from the West coast. Then it will also reduce the congestion in the Colombo harbour. To maintain a high level of productivity and service excellence by enhancing knowledge, skills and creativity and inculcating positive attitudes to all port employees, through systematic Human Resource Development programmers. To develop a strategic development plan for all sea port of Sri lanka.

Does Business have Social Obligations? Essay -- Business Management St

Does Business have Social Obligations? In today's society people are being laid off or losing jobs everyday. Many times it is because a company is going out of business, or may not need as many employees. The company often times cannot afford to pay extra workers. During these circumstances, a question of responsibility and obligations begin to rise. Should businesses in today's free market economy have an obligation to be socially responsible for these actions which the businesses or company carries out? Businesses operating in a free market economy have limited obligation to be socially responsible. People who lose their jobs because a company is going out of business do not have a choice in the matter. They have not done anything wrong , but happen to be in the wrong place...

Alternative Sources of Energy Essay -- Energy Research Papers, 2015

As the population continues to increase day after day, so does the demand for oil and other natural resources. Eventually we will get to a point where we will need to find different ways of efficiently producing energy at a low cost. Twenty to thirty years ago it was hard to imagine what sources of energy (other than obvious possibilities like solar panels and windmills) that could efficiently supply the world. The advancement of technology today is opening new doors in the energy field that are likely to change the way we think about energy. With so many different sources of energy that are prevalent around the world, the challenge is found in harvesting and securing the energy at its source, and doing so in an efficient manner. I decided to do some research about possible future sources of energy, and my search turned up some interesting results. One of the most basic yet potentially worthwhile investments was found on an alternative energy website. This particular article talks about the use of flying wind farms. These flying wind farms are essentially "airborne turbines spinning at high altitudes sending power down via nano-tube cable tethers to generate power." Basically there would be two turbine's attached via the nano-tube cables that would fly high in the sky like kites. The strong wind from the high altitude would allow the turbines to capture and transmit the energy down the cables. The idea was being explored by NASA who said that the t...

Most recently computers Essay

Art is indefinable because of its constant evolution. This evolution has taken place because art inherently has an aspect of human contribution and, therefore, is subject to progression in ways as numerous as its very creator’s changes. There are two main reasons that illustrate the fact that art is indefinable. These reasons are that art has a changing role in society, and that the various production methods of art endlessly transform. The first of the reasons is crucial because it shows that art, as a result of the human artist, will necessarily change when its human maker changes. This is what allows for art to have a specific time setting in which it will have a particular meaning and importance. Thus, because of the infusion of an artist into their art, the piece will in some degree convey a glimpse of a changing social environment. This environment may never be relevant again after that specific point in time, indirectly illustrating history and change. The second reason for illustration again focuses on how the involvement of procedural evolution does not allow for the permanent defining of art, in this case in regards to the applied art production methods. Most recently computers have revolutionized some forms of art. It has also created a new movement through the application of technology in new and unique ways to the creation process. If art had been permanently defined prior to this new use of computers it would have stifled what has become a new and exciting branch of art, and as a consequence could have limited future productions from unimagined advancements. An inflexible and permanent definition of art as a result of the aforementioned reasons is detrimental to the progression of art that is crucial to its very continuance. And as a result of this constant evolution art is indefinable.

Relaxation Destination

My day usually consists of doing homework in the morning, going to class at noon, then going to work after class. I go to class for two hours a day Monday through Friday, and work six hours a day seven days a week. A short drive to my lake house in Keystone, Florida is all it takes for me to get away. My lake house is my relaxation destination for when I need to get away from my everyday life. It only takes forty-five minutes for me to get there when driving a brisk sixty miles an hour.Just before I arrive at my lake house, I can catch a glimpse of the cobalt lake water shimmering in the sun, and begin to smell wood burning in the air. From this point on it feels as if time is standing still. When I get out of my truck, the smell of sweet bar-b-que ribs and wild flowers awaken my senses to the great outdoors. Just one look at my lake house and I am relaxed. The siding on my lake house is made of solid rough cut cedar panels. My lake house has two screened in porches; the one on the b ack of the house is used for entertaining and cooking.The second porch is on the front of the house. This is where we unwind in the hot tub, watch TV, enjoy exuberant sunsets, and listen to the melody of nature. Our porches are where I usually hangout and spend most of my time when I visit the lake house. The inside of my lake house is vividly rustic, with attractive antiques scattered throughout it. My lake house has two bedrooms, one bath, and is approximately fifteen hundred square feet. The yellow pine hard wood floors throughout the house give it a rustic feeling. All the walls in the house are painted pistachio with yellow pine trim.When I walk in the house the smell of home cooking makes my mouth water. The living room has an old cast-iron wood burning stove that comes in handy on chilly winter nights: I love to cuddle by it, and roast marshmallows with it. The living room, also called the family room is where we play board games, watch movies, and tell stories in the winter. The kitchen has Carmel colored granite counter tops and dark cherry cabinets with stainless steel handles. When I am at the lake house, it is always as peaceful as the night before Christmas that is why it is my most favorite place to go when I need to get away.

American Ethnic Literature Essay

American Literature has been an important part of American people for centuries. What makes this type of literature great is that the authors vision is objective and not one sided. Several of the American authors are still considered to be great writers. The books that were written by these authors are still read by people of all ages around the United States. These books are now considered classic literature. American literature is considered American because it was written by American people. Overall, â€Å"editors appear to use an inconsistent combination of citizenship, geographical location, language, and subject matter (that is, the subject of America and the United States) (Hames- Garcia, p. 1, 2003). Most of the American literature was written by white men. In order to be considered American literature it has to be about the United States. There have been many great authors that write about science fiction, but because it is unreal their literature is not considered American literature. Politics also played an important role in literature. It was of great importance to portray the American character as an â€Å"exceptional entity† (Hames-Garcia, p. 1, 2003). In the early twentieth century, writers who were not American white men were not allowed to publish their works. Women writers as well as Black, Latino, American Indian, and immigrant writers were left out altogether. This happened because other ethnic groups were considered to be inferior. It was until the 1970s that feminist began to speak out and rebel against the oppression they were faced with. It is thanks to this reform that the American literature holds diversity. It allows for men and women to have the same opportunity to express their feelings without having to worry about their race or sex. Another type of literature is ethnic literature. This type of literature is often read as an autobiography, even when making no such claims. This is written on a first person point of view. The author’s point of view is specific to their personal beliefs and life stories. It is difficult for this type of author to provide an objectionable story. They are blinded by anger because of what they had to live. The topics these authors write about covers racism and suppression. The definitions and topics will vary depending on the life experiences that each author or their families experienced. The storyline will also vary because each author lived different time periods, and of course things change over time. Ethnic Literature is great because it now holds different point of views. Every person has a different perspective on what happens around them. What allows for this to be great is that each person is entitled not only to have their own belief, but they are able to express their feelings with freedom. No person is afraid of what repercussion might come because they decided to write from their heart. The truth allows readers to realize that life has been harder for some people more than others. It is easy to forget what our ancestors had to experience in order for each individual to encounter freedom. It is now easy for men and women of all races to walk freely around their city. This however came at a price, and this type of literature allows human beings to read and experience in some small way what it was like to live in a world were the color of your skin as well as your sex had a lot to do with the quality of life you lived. American Literature will continue to play an important role in American people. The only way to enjoy this type of literature is to introduce our younger generations to it. This is the perfect material needed to give to young readers so that they can value the lifestyle they are allowed to live today. It is up to us to keep this tradition alive so that our future generation can enjoy it as well. Reference Michael Hames-Garcia. (2003). Which America is ours? Marti’s â€Å"Truth† and the foundations of â€Å"American literature†. Modern Fiction Studies, 49(1), 19-53. Retrieved October 25, 2009, from Research Library. (Document ID: 328665241). Yonjae Jung. (2004). The New Americanist Intervention into the Canon. American Studies International, 42(2/3), 213-225. Retrieved October 26, 2009, from Research Library. (Document ID: 676208971).

My relationship with God

As a start for developing a closer relationship with God, I decided that I wanted to try daily devotionals and Bible reading. I considered finding a devotional guide, but instead decided to begin by simply reading the Bible for myself. I thought about finding a daily devotional guide, but chose instead to start my devotional readings by simply reading the New Testament and letting God speak to me as He determined not as some other person might have been inspired.My decision was partially based on a need for this to be a personal journey and a knowledge that many people who attempt to read the Bible begin at the beginning and get discouraged when they reach the histories of the Books of Law. And, as a Christian, I believe the importance of the New Testament speaks for itself. This was a particularly difficult task for me. Choosing a time to read regularly and coupling it with prayer for understanding and meditation to determine the meaning of the scriptures was very difficult.I discov ered that the first thing in the morning was not a good time for me to try to read my Bible. Too often, I was overly tempted to hit the snooze button and often did not find my concentration level where it should be to really understand the scriptures, even though most of it was familiar territory. I then tried to do my devotional reading at the end of the day and found that too was a bad idea. Some days exhaustion seemed to bull me away from my studies in an untimely manner and I decided that too was a bad time. Instead I chose to set aside an hour every morning just before lunch.This seemed to be the best time for me to be able to devote my attention to the Bible and not be distracted. I set an alarm to let me know when I could be done and then tuned out all distractions. In the three weeks, I managed to read through all of the gospel of Matthew and get started in Mark without feeling like it was a chore. As the time wore on, I found myself looking forward to my daily devotional mo re than I had in the beginning and found it was easier to maintain once I found the appropriate time. Intercessory prayer as a devotional tool also appealed to me.Like many churches, the church I grew up in had a prayer chain devoted to praying for those in need. Remembering the peace and joy that came from praying for another person without any goal or personal motivation lead me to choose intercessory prayer Practicing this devotional method reminded me of the need to be more worried about others than I am about myself. I thought this was going to be my favorite devotional form, but I found that it wasn’t. Too often it felt like I was pushing my will onto God instead of allowing His will to work through me.The other two devotional forms I chose were praise singing and random good deeds. These are the two forms of devotion which I believe had the biggest impacts on my life. I chose to do my devotional singing while in the car. I turned off the radio and began singing hymns i n the car and immediately noticed a change in my attitude. I was no longer as willing to spout off angrily at other drivers, no longer feeling the need to drive unreasonably fast and no longer impatient in traffic. Changing my heart through song made my daily commutes easier and relieved tension in my life.I found myself with an sincerely improved attitude and a greater desire to praise God for the miraculous things he was working in my life and int eh world around me. The author says that the practice of doing good deeds simply for the sake of doing them is a good thing because it reinforces the image that we want non-believers to have of Christians. I found that the biggest impact it had on me was that this is a manner I believe Christians should act in. By committing daily random acts of kindness I felt better about myself.I felt that I was behaving more the way that Christ would want me to behave. My random acts of kindness included letting others go first in the grocery line an d putting coins in parking meters. Finally, last week, I also purchased a small quantity of stuffed animals and placed them randomly on the windshields of cars at the doctor’s office. I believe that the act may have helped just one other person to get through a rough day and that is what God has called each of us to do. These actions are things that I will continue.I believe that the daily Bible readings will be the most difficult to consistently maintain, but I also believe it may be the most important for my continued spiritual growth. The praise singing and random good deeds are easy to maintain because they have an immediate uplifting effect. The Bible reading requires the biggest commitment, but a better understanding of God’s purpose for me should be found in His word. I believe that the intercessory prayer is also going to continue to be a part of my life, though I am interested in determining how I can best pray without feeling like I am placing demand on my Lo rd.

Critically Examine the Geopolitics of Humanitarian Aid Within the 21st Century.

Critically examine the geopolitics of humanitarian aid within the 21st century. How have responses to famine changed over time and what are the key challenges to famine prevention today? Geopolitics have played a huge role in humanitarian aid in the current century. Because humanitarian aid is largely sponsored by western countries it poses a huge problem in the form of a â€Å"parochial form of theorizing†1 that supports the interests of the richest countries of the world. For the purpose of this essay I will begin by examining the problems that have arisen in the most recent years of humanitarian aid assistance.This arises from conditional aid, whereby donor countries or organizations impose conditions in order for recipient countries to receive this aid. Followed by this is the secularization and polarization of the aid industry where organizations are constantly in competition for finite resources. Lastly the 21st century has seen foreign militaries carry out humanitarian aid missions which jeopardizes the neutrality and impartiality which is so essential in carrying out aid to anyone who is in need. Secondly this essay will look at how humanitarian aid has changed over time.For the purpose of this short essay I will look at the 1998 famine in North Korea whereby humanitarian aid was given, only under political concessions. Disguised as aid, the humanitarian assistance given to North Korea was used as a political tool that undermines the fundamental ideas of humanitarian aid. The basic theorizations of humanitarianism put a deep emphasis on adherence to principles of impartiality and neutrality and assistance based solely on need. Adherence to these principles has been the biggest problems of humanitarian aid over its history, but never more so than in the 21st century.Aid in recent years has been based on conditionality which essentially means that in order for nations to receive aid, these nations have to adopt conditions that that the donor nation imposes. This means that aid is not offered on the basis of those who need it, but is based on policy that supports the donors giving aid. Therefore critics see these policies, although framed as humanitarian in principle, as very far removed from humanitarian. In essence it is foreign policy that is advantageous to the donor. Some such policies that come from conditionality are trade liberalization, that can ruin domestic economies and increase unemployment, and capital account liberalization that would open less developed economies to investments from multi-national corporations. Such investments have little impact on the majority of people in these countries and generally only benefit the corporations themselves and a small group of elites in the recipient countries. This supply of aid, especially in the events of crisis is in complete contrast to the fundamental principles of humanitarian aid. One of the most problematic concerns of aid in the last ten years has been the politi cization and secularization of the aid industry. Over the last twenty five years humanitarian aid has become heavily institutionalized. This has led to more effective logistics and delivery systems. However it has also created institutions that are perhaps not so concerned with providing aid to those in need, but acting in the interests of governments or big businesses that are the donors of the resources. Humanitarian organizations such as NGO’s and now foreign military forces are often in competition with local organizations which has led to valuable resources being wasted because of constant competition for aid . 5Because of this, NGO’s neutrality (one of the most fundamental principles of humanitarian aid) is severely compromised because the boundaries between relief and development, war and peace and political objectives are not easily defined.Thus, NGO’s in these most recent years have struggled to adhere to the basic humanitarian principles of providing t o those most in need because their ideals are compromised by the secularization and politicization of aid organizations. 6 Perhaps one of the most fundamental problems of humanitarian aid in the 21st century is the fact that it is often no longer carried out by NGO’s, but is in fact coordinated by foreign military forces. In cases such as Iraq and Afghanistan the United States military assumed a huge role for the distribution of disaster and humanitarian assistance alongside their military objectives.If foreign militaries are carrying out humanitarian aid alongside military objectives, then there is no way that aid can be supplied to whoever is in need in ways that are impartial, neutral and independent. This new system whereby foreign militaries are responsible for supplying aid has created huge security problems for not only the military, but for the people who are receiving aid. Opposing factions to foreign military time and time again in Afghanistan and Iraq have targeted civilians receiving aid to further their own agenda. These are the problems that exist in the humanitarian aid industry today, but these problems have developed over a course of many years and responses to famine and humanitarian disasters have evolved over time. Thirty years ago disaster relief and humanitarian aid were not considered to be of huge significance on a geopolitical scale. During the 70’s and 80’s although humanitarian crisis existed, the geopolitics was more focused on the cold war and respecting the sovereignty of nation states.Although crisis in Africa, East Pakistan and Guatemala (to name a few) were made aware to the international community , they were sidelined by the real political concerns defined by the cold war. Throughout the 1970’s, 1980’s and even the 1990’s international opinion and more importantly international law, respected the fact that governments, even of highly prone man-made and natural disasters had the respon sibility, will, interest and ability to protect their own citizens.Any humanitarian aid that was given in these years was seen as assistance to these governments to look after their own citizens. Essentially 25 years ago, the concept of ‘humanitarian intervention’ without the concurrence of the affected state would not have been considered and certainly would not have been sanctioned by the United Nations or the International Community. 8 Since the 1980’s humanitarian aid and responses to famine have changed not only in thought, but institutionally.In the mid 1980’s there were approximately 280 governmental, intergovernmental and non-governmental aid organizations. Today that number is over 1000. As well as this huge expansion of organizations there has been a dramatic increase in aid expenditure. In the last two decades humanitarian assistance has tripled from approximately two billion to six billion dollars. 9 Because of this huge increase in the funding of aid the competition between organizations can sometimes have disastrous consequences because the organizations are competing for finite resources.This is increased by for profit organizations that are competing for lucrative humanitarian and development contracts. Many donors of aid motives are not for the needs of the people that are in need of these resources but are aligned with domestic considerations or international interests that are a world apart from the specific needs of those people affected by disaster or emergency. 10 The famine of North Korea in 1998 is a perfect example of conditional humanitarian aid, and how it is driven not by humanitarian principle, but a clever tool for geopolitical gains.The North Korean famine shows how humanitarian aid today has changed to become an important political tool in contrast to two decades ago whereby any humanitarian crisis was sidelined because of the geopolitical context of the cold war. 9 In times of famine it is important t o emphasize that the likelihood of a starving nation to accept emergency aid under any condition means that conditional aid can be seen as a political tool to establish a diplomatic, political or even military presence under the disguise of humanitarian aid. 11 This was such the case in the North Korean famine.From 1995-1998 North Korea was hit by a series of national disasters that resulted in a large scale famine. Rough estimates say that by 1998 North Korea lacked about two million tones of grain needed to feed its people. According to the world food program the rate of moderate to severe malnutrition of children in North Korea was about sixty per cent by mid 1998. 12 By mid 1998 the United States and South Korea realized that it could use the famine in North Korea as a political tool to penetrate the isolated North and offer aid on terms that benefited themselves.The United States and South Korea offered food aid on terms that North Korea had to enter into reunification and peac e talks and not break out of the 1994 agreed framework designed to end the North’s nuclear program. If the North refused to adhere to these conditions, no food aid would be given. Another condition was that the shipments of aid would be covered with stickers and logos from the United States and South Korea. Although this may seem insignificant it was a huge propaganda tool for the donor powers.It could serve as an undermining of the North Korean regime that had told its people for decades that the South and the United States were undermining their nation. 13 The slow response to give aid put the US and South Korea in a strategically advantageous situation to further its political goals. If North Korea didn’t accept United States conditions the famine would continue and the possibility of an internal break down of the state increased. If the North accepted the terms on which the donors offered, the aid functioned as an important political tool.It meant North Korea had t o give concessions and that the people of North Korea could see the failure of its regime and the kindness of the western powers that they had been told for so long were there enemies. Thus, humanitarian aid was not offered to support those people starving, but was rather used as a political tool to further the donor states own political agendas under the guise of humanitarian aid. In actual fact, the aid was so far removed from what humanitarian aid in its purest sense really was. 4 So much was this aid seen as a political tool that in 1998 the South Korean government banned non governmental groups from fundraising to support those starving in the North. 15 This is undeniable proof that political aims were the underlying focus of the ‘conditional aid’ rather than aid to help the starving North Korean population that was stricken by famine. The key challenges to famine prevention today are huge and include a combination of factors that are not easily unchanged.First of all, humanitarian aid is now such a lucrative industry that competition for contracts means that organizations are in constant competition for finite resources, the resources that are needed in times when famine strikes. Secondly, as long as foreign militaries carry out some humanitarian aid then the adherence to neutrality and impartiality that is so fundamental to the aid process is essentially undermined. Military goals will always be aligned alongside objectives that are not necessarily aligned with those of starving people.And finally, as long as conditional aid is used as a political tool, then humanitarian aid faces huge challenges. In a time when people need aid, if governments are focused on geopolitical goals and furthering their own agendas rather than helping those in times of famine then humanitarian aid is essentially a guise and is merely a political tool for donor governments to use to further their own agendas. 1 Robinson, J. (2003) ‘Postcolonising geography: tactics and pitfalls' Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography p273 2 When does aid conditionally work?Gabriella R Montinola. Studies in comparative international development, vol 45, 2010, pp 358-362 3 ibid (same ref as above) 4 International Human Crisis: two decades before and two decades beyond. Randolf C Kent. International Affairs Volume 80, issie 5, 2004 p 851-870 5 Aaltola, M. – Responding to emergencies and fostering development: the dilemmas of humanitarian aid Third world planning review. – Liverpool University Press. – 0142-7849   Vol. 22(1), 2000, p. 111-112 6 International Human Crisis: two decades before and two decades beyond. Randolf C Kent.International Affairs Volume 80, issie 5, 2004 pp 851-870 7International Human Crisis: two decades before and two decades beyond. Randolf C Kent. International Affairs Volume 80, issie 5, 2004 851-870 8 Reshaping humanitarian assistance in the twenty first century. Tim O’Dempsey and Barry Munslow. Pro gress in Development Studies 2009 9:1 pp 1-2 9 Randolf C Kent. Pp 851-870 10 Aaltola, M. – Responding to emergencies and fostering development: the dilemmas of humanitarian aid Third world planning review. – Liverpool University Press. – 0142-7849   Vol. 22(1), 2000, p. 111-112 11. G.M Guess. The Politics of United States Foreign Aid, London: Croom Helm, 1987, p3 12 Lischer, Sarah Kenyon. Dangerous Sanctuaries:  Refugee Camps, Civil War, And the Dilemmas of Humanitarian Aid. Cornwell University Press. 2006. Pp 3-9 13 Emergency Food Aid as a Means of Political Persuasion in the North Korean Famine Mika Aaltola Third World Quarterly  , Vol. 20, No. 2 (Apr. , 1999), p 374 14 Emergency Food Aid as a Means of Political Persuasion in the North Korean Famine Mika Aaltola Third World Quarterly  , Vol. 20, No. 2 (Apr. , 1999), pp 372- 386 15 Korean Herald, 13 May, 1997